As mentioned at the outset, evolution has failed on two counts out of two to be validated by the practical requirements of the Scientific Method. Darwin himself was fully aware of this fact, as he admits in his book, but “moving on from that difficulty”, as he puts it, he goes on to expound his theory anyway. These misgivings clearly help explain why he delayed so long in submitting his manuscript for publication, and only did so when Wallace came up with the same idea and threatened to grab the glory.

The Scientific Method
The scientific method requires a theory to do two things – 1) to give a plausible explanation of an important phenomenon, and 2) to provide the basis for logical predictions, sometimes called “hypotheses”, that can then be tested by experiment to find out if the theory is correct in its implications.

Scientific hypotheses normally concern the future, along the lines that if we do such and such a thing, then so and so should happen as a result, if the theory is indeed correct – making it possible to design an experiment that can be carefully carried out, and which preferably will provide some kind of objective measurements.

Such an experiment could of course be devised for the theory of evolution, if only we had the time to see it through – i.e. if the human lifespan were several million years, or more, which would give us time to wait and see if one kind of organism really can evolve into a totally different kind. What we have to do instead, therefore, is to look in the opposite direction, backwards into the past – examining the fossil record in search of any possible evidence that simpler organisms have already gradually evolved into more complex ones, leaving behind a vast graveyard of the failed misfits evolution requires. But before we do that, let’s take a closer look at an example of the scientific method at work.

The Scientific Method at Work
In the famous incident of the apple falling from a tree in a Cambridge college garden, scientific genius Isaac Newton was inspired to theorize not that gravity existed, but that its effect did not stop at the earth’s surface, or even the top of the apple tree -- but must reach out into space, even as far as the moon. We can only imagine what an exciting Eureka! moment that must have been.

The outreach of the earth’s gravitation field proved very useful to Newton because it helped him explain the fact that the moon revolves around the earth rather than shooting off into space – since according to his newly formulated first law of motion, a moving object should carry moving in a straight line unless an unbalanced force makes it do otherwise. An applied force was therefore required to keep the moon orbitting the earth.

This was a massive breakthrough in our understanding of astronomy, because up to that time, people had believed that circular motion, as demonstrated by “the heavenly bodies”, was the natural or perfect form of motion.
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On the basis of his new theory, Newton hypothesized that the moon moved in a circle [Ed: I think you mean “ellipse”, G-Man, to be technically correct.] because the gravitational force from the earth was continually pulling it sideways, stopping it flying off in a straight line into space – as it would do if gravity could be switched off. He also theorized, conversely, that the moon must also exert a gravitation pull on the earth and, in particular, its oceans – an insight that helped him explain the tidal movements of the sea. . [Ed: Some people thought that was a lunatic idea, G-Man. Lunatic - Get it?]

On the basis of this theory, Newton was even able calculate the “escape velocity” of a rocket, the speed it needs to attain in order to go into orbit, a figure familiar to NASA engineers – or, in Newton’s case, the speed required for a cannonball fired from the top of a very high mountain, where there would be no air and hence no friction, to move so fast that as it fell towards the ground, the curvature of the earth would drop away beneath it at the same rate, so it would never ever land.

[Ed: I wonder how long it took for Newton to realize that the sun’s gravity must also reach out into space, thereby holding the earth and the other planets in their orbits? Magic stuff!]

Darwin’s First Failure
In “The Origin of Species” Darwin cheerfully accepts that since his theory postulates that the vast majority of organisms will be imperfect and unfit for purpose, the fossil record should be comprised almost exclusively of such rejects.

In his own words, the fossil record should give clear evidence of these “infinitely numerous organisms” – because: “innumerable transitional forms must have existed”. Although the fossils of that massive multitude of misfits never had been found, Darwin was confident that they would be found in the future – being so bold as to say that people should “rightly reject” his theory if the fossils did not appear as the result of further geological investigation. [Ed: So unless we get an e-mail from the Museum of Natural History in the morning saying those delinquent fossils have finally turned up, I should feel free to reject the theory, G-Man. OK? ]

In fact, over a hundred years later, as honest evolutionists will admit, the theory still awaits validation – which is why Derek Hough laments in his book “Evolution—a case of stating the obvious” that “The continuing search has not helped”.

That search has failed, for example, to find the skeletons of the myriad mythical giraffes that only had short or medium length necks, before they supposedly got stretched by the gradual accumulation of zillions of complementary DNA copying errors.

A Punctured Theory
It was in an attempt to explain the established fact that the fossil record shows only fully formed and functioning creatures without zillions of unfit forms in between that Stephen Gould and Niles Eldredge devised their theory of “punctuated equilibrium”, as we shall see later -- according to which evolution occurs in explosive but inexplicable leaps from one complex form to another totally different, usually following a mysterious extinction, rather than the tiny steps Darwin required. [Ed: Wasn’t it Gould who once said: “The extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil record persists as the trade secret of palaeontology”, and that “The evolutionary trees that adorn our textbooks have data only at the tips and nodes of their branches; the rest is inference, however reasonable, not the evidence of fossils.” Darwin would have him excommunicated him from the brotherhood for saying that, G-Man!]

Darwin’s Second Failure
That said, the second scientific test proposed by Darwin was the prediction that the fossils found in the lowest and oldest rock strata, the Pre-Cambrian and the Cambrian would necessarily be the “simplest” and “most primitive”.

Unfortunately for his theory again, although some very tiny and microscopic fossils have been found in the most ancient Pre-Cambrian strata, in the next strata up, the Cambrian, all manner of highly complex organisms suddenly make their appearance, storming onto the geological scene in vast numbers -- in particular, the famous “Trilobites”, of which there were apparently scores of exotic varieties. . [Ed: With that many relatives, shouldn’t they be called “Tribolites”, G-Man?]

This sudden appearance out of nowhere of highly complex organisms is known as the “Cambrian Explosion”, or, according to Michael Behe in his superb book “Darwin’s Black Box”, the “Biological Big Bang” – apparently by parallel with the equally inexplicable cosmological “Big Bang”, another event in which “nothing” suddenly turned into “something” – i.e. the universe, which then set it off expanding out towards infinity. The Cambrian explosion was in fact a major factor in the development of the punctuated equilibrium theory.

[Ed: Am I right in thinking, G-Man, that science is happy to stop at the Big Bang, because to enquire further and start asking difficult questions about precisely what went “Bang!” would be to enter the realm of religion? Didn’t genius cosmologist Fred Hoyle reject the Big Bang for that very reason, since it logically implied a moment of creation and hence a creator? So he opted instead for the “Steady State” theory. ]

Scuttling Scavengers
As the name implies, the body of the Tri-lobite, which was sometimes a foot or more in diameter, was in three segments, and was equipped with two sets of appendages along its body, one set apparently for walking and one for swimming. In some varieties the double row of legs had quite large feet equipped with claw-like spikes that were apparently used for shredding food and passing it along, conveyor-belt fashion to the mouth, like a miniature combined harvester. [Ed: I wonder what the little devils found for food, G-Man? Probably went down to McDonalds and raided the rubbish bins – at least until somebody invented photosynthesis.]

These highly complex creatures we are asked to believe, were among the world’s first and most “primitive” products of evolution. Despite his awareness of this massive impossible problem for his theory, Darwin dreamed on anyway—and the world applauded. . [Ed: As every con man knows, G-Man, people believe what they want to believe. Right? After all, people were fed up with being told what to do by discredited “religious” authorities who had rejected the truth of the Bible and combined Christianity with pagan rubbish. ]

Trilobite Technology
In his fascinating book “Trilobite”, evolutionist Richard Fortey describes the amazing optical design of the creature’s eyes. Unique in nature, the compound eye of the most common trilobite was composed of several thousand tiny crystals of calcite, a pure and hard form of calcium carbonate, packed together like the spines on the back of a hedgehog. Each of these tiny elongate crystals, with its hexagonal cross section, focussed light onto an array of tiny light receptors – each of which was connected to an optic nerve fibre leading to a brain, thereby enabling the trilobite to sense its environment and “think” and make appropriate decisions.

In true Darwinian manner, Fortey speculates that the process of evolution that supposedly created this technological marvel must have been “encouraged” (his word) by the discovery of vision as a new and useful tool for exploring the environment. [Ed: It’s called the power of positive thinking, G-Man. A lot creatures acquired the power of flight in the same way, because they just knew it would be useful -- and would help them stop getting their feet so wet and dirty in those pools of primordial slime we hear about.]

Fortey then informs us that the trilobite also had antennae designed to sweep the water in front of its mouth in order to “sniff” and “taste” any chemical hints of the presence of food or an enemy.

Furthermore, Fortey explains, it has been discovered that as the trilobite repeatedly outgrew and shed its exoskeleton, the outer layers of the compound eyes were also shed and replaced. . [Ed: Ain’t evolution wonderful, G-Man! You want me to run that two-hour standing ovation tape we got from the Jack Dee gig again?]

Phacobs!
Fortey then goes on to describe another kind of trilobite, Phacobs, that had an even more incredible optical system. This time the compound eye was composed of an array of tiny calcite spheres – the effectiveness of which was demonstrated by a researcher who used one as a camera lens to take a passable photograph of the FBI’s Hoover Building.

If you focus a beam of light, such as that from the sun, using a sphere, the image formed will be very distorted because the rays passing through the outer regions will be refracted more than those passing through the centre. This distortion, called “spherical aberration”, was first recognized a couple of centuries ago by physicists such as Christian Huygens, who was working to improve the lenses used in microscopes and telescopes. The solution to the distortion problem, Huygens discovered, was to combine two lenses, a more powerful convex and a less powerful concave, made of different kinds of glass, having what is technically described as different refractive indexes or optical densities -- an arrangement called a “doublet”.

Perhaps you are again ahead of me – in guessing that the tiny spheres in the Phacob’s eyes had the same sophisticated design, the variation in refractive index in different parts of the lens being caused by an appropriate admixture of magnesium in place of some of the calcium in the calcite.

The revered evolutionist S.J. Gould is on record as stating that the existence of this unique optical system in this “ancient” and “primitive” organism is “the most puzzling fact of the fossil record”. [Ed: I’m running Jack’s tape again, G-Man. Don’t care what you say.]

Although the trilobites were so numerous in Cambrian times, they are, as far as we know, now extinct -- for a technical reason Fortey makes very clear, saying: “Trilobites did not cut the evolutionary mustard”. So there you have it.

Heavenly Spheres & Disappearing Fossils
As we saw earlier, prior to Isaac Newton’s time, it was commonly believed that a moving object required a force to keep it moving, otherwise it would slow down and stop. This, after all, this was the common-sense experience of people shooting arrows or playing bowls. Newton realized, however, that in a friction-free environment, an object would never slow down, but would just keep on moving at a constant speed, with no need for a force to keep it going – as he explained in his famous “Principia Mathematica” with his three laws of motion,.

Consequently, prior to Newton people believed that the moon and the planets needed applied forces pushing them to keep them moving, theorizing as a result that they must be affixed to invisible “crystal spheres” that carried them along – a prediction they had no means of putting to a scientific test. Then, of course, the spheres themselves also would need something to keep them moving, perhaps a gigantic set of invisible crystal gear wheels and levers, all energised perhaps by some angels on a treadmill.

No doubt, in their time, the spheres could have been the subject of fascinating and heated debate – e.g. How thick was the crystal? What was it made of? How were the moon and planets attached to their spheres? Was it by means of large screws or nails, or simply some form of celestial glue? People probably wrote books about the finer points of their design.

In one stroke, however, in one little book, Newton rendered the spheres totally obsolete, extinct and unnecessary. The did not exist. They never had existed.

And now we know, after a century and a half of searching, that the same thing is true of Darwin’s famous fossils, the missing links and the failed intermediate forms which have proved as elusive as the spheres – and for the very same reason. They do not exist. They never did exist! [Ed: All gone, G-Man! Jus’ like that! Jus’ like that! Abracadabra!]

Both spheres and fossils were constructs of misconceived theories – the difference being that whereas Newton displaced error, Darwin displaced Truth.

G-Theory
G-Theory, the literal and accurate reading of the Genesis account of creation, as promoted by William Buckland, requires no missing links or intermediate and imperfect forms -- but only perfectly formed mutants or varieties of the original “kinds” of organisms God created. As a result, G-Theory is in complete accord with the fossil record and renders Darwin’s theory of evolution redundant.